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<title>Android Runtime</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Android Runtime</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">ART</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/art/">android<wbr>.googlesource<wbr>.com<wbr>/platform<wbr>/art<wbr>/</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="ARM64" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM64">ARM64</a> <a href="RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a> <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Included with</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Runtime_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime environment">Runtime environment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://source.android.com/docs/core/runtime">source<wbr>.android<wbr>.com<wbr>/docs<wbr>/core<wbr>/runtime</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Android Runtime</b> (<b>ART</b>) is an application <a href="Runtime_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime environment">runtime environment</a> used by the <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. Replacing <a href="Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a>, the <a href="Process_virtual_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Process virtual machine">process virtual machine</a> originally used by Android, ART performs the <a href="Translator_(computing)" title="Translator (computing)">translation</a> of some of the application's <a href="Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> into <a href="Native_instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Native instruction">native instructions</a> that are later executed by the device's runtime environment.<sup id="cite_ref-anandtech-8231_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anandtech-8231-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p><a href="Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Android 2.2 "Froyo"</a> brought <a href="Tracing_just-in-time_compilation" title="Tracing just-in-time compilation">trace-based just-in-time (JIT) compilation</a> into Dalvik, optimizing the execution of applications by continually <a href="Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">profiling</a> applications each time they run and dynamically <a href="Compiler_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler (computing)">compiling</a> frequently executed short segments of their bytecode into native <a href="Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a>. While Dalvik <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interprets</a> the rest of an application's bytecode, native execution of those short bytecode segments, called "traces", provides significant performance improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Unlike Dalvik, ART introduces the use of <a href="Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation</a> by compiling the most performance-critical parts of applications (previously, the entire app) into native machine code upon their installation. This way, ART improves the overall execution efficiency and reduces power consumption, which results in improved battery autonomy on <a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>. At the same time, ART brings faster execution of applications, improved <a href="Memory_allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory allocation">memory allocation</a> and <a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> (GC) mechanisms, new applications <a href="Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> features, and more accurate high-level profiling of applications.<sup id="cite_ref-anandtech-8231_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anandtech-8231-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-android-devs-1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-android-devs-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-android-devs-2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-android-devs-2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To maintain <a href="Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a>, ART uses the same input bytecode as Dalvik, supplied through standard <a href=".dex" class="mw-redirect" title=".dex">.dex</a> files as part of <a href="APK_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="APK (file format)">APK files</a>, while the <a href=".odex" class="mw-redirect" title=".odex">.odex</a> files are replaced with <a href="Executable_and_Linkable_Format" title="Executable and Linkable Format">Executable and Linkable Format</a> (ELF) executables. Once an application is compiled by using ART's on-device <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced">dex2oat</span> utility, it is run from the compiled ELF executable; as a result, ART eliminates various application execution overheads associated with Dalvik's interpretation and trace-based JIT compilation.

</p><p>A disadvantage of ART is that additional time is required for compilation when an application is installed, and applications take up slightly more <a href="Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">secondary storage</a> (usually <a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>) to store the compiled code.<sup id="cite_ref-anandtech-8231_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anandtech-8231-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-android-devs-1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-android-devs-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-android-devs-2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-android-devs-2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long AOT compilation became especially problematic when monthly security updates became the norm, locking users out of the OS for a long time after each update.

</p><p>To improve on these, a hybrid approach was introduced in Android 7.0 (Nougat) which originally relies on JIT compilation, but later, when the device is idle and charging, compiles the most frequently used code as well as that on the UI thread to native code.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p><a href="Android_KitKat" title="Android KitKat">Android 4.4 "KitKat"</a> introduced a <a href="Technology_preview" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology preview">technology preview</a> of ART as an alternative runtime environment to Dalvik, which remained the default virtual machine.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent major Android release, <a href="Android_Lollipop" title="Android Lollipop">Android 5.0 "Lollipop"</a>, Dalvik was entirely replaced by ART.

</p><p><a href="Android_Nougat" title="Android Nougat">Android 7.0 "Nougat"</a> turned the ART from a pure AOT to a hybrid JIT/AOT solution, while switching its <a href="Java_Runtime_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Runtime Environment">Java Runtime Environment</a> from the discontinued <a href="Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a> to <a href="OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a>, introducing a JIT compiler with code profiling.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The JIT compiler complements ART's AOT compiler, helping to improve runtime performance and save storage space by identifying "hot code" (code which is frequently used, runs on the UI thread or affects startup time), which the AOT compiler compiles to machine code while the device is idle and charging. Less-frequently used code relies on JIT compilation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Android_Pie" title="Android Pie">Android 9 "Pie"</a> reduced the amount of storage used by <a href="APK_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="APK (file format)">APKs</a> by using compressed <a href="Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> files, and <a href="Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">profiler</a> data can be uploaded to <a href="Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a> servers to be bundled with apps when downloaded by users with a similar device, which shortens download time from Google Play by up to 40%. Google Play cloud profiles allow apps to be optimized on installation, which helps avoid the initial performance issues present on Android 7.0 to 8.1.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In July 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the concept of baseline profiles was introduced. Baseline profiles are ART profiles that define methods and classes which should undergo AOT compilation from an app's first launch, and are compatible with Android 7.0 and later. They provide similar functionality to Android 9's Google Play cloud profiles when they are not available and automatically merge with cloud profiles when they are available. Baseline profiles are included with releases of AndroidX libraries and <a href="Jetpack_Compose" title="Jetpack Compose">Jetpack Compose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>ART was updated with a new <a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collector</a> (GC) utilizing the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux</a> userfaultfd <a href="System_call" title="System call">system call</a> in <a href="Android_13" title="Android 13">Android 13</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reduces memory pressure, compiled code size and <a href="Jank_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jank (web)">jank</a>, and prevents the risk of killing apps because of low memory during <a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other changes also improve app startup, reduce jank and improve performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the Mainline project, <a href="Android_12" title="Android 12">Android 12</a>'s ART will also be updated.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Android software development</a> – various concepts and software development utilities used for the creation of Android applications</li>

<li><a href="Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Android version history</a> – a history and descriptions of Android releases, listed primarily by their official API levels</li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_application_virtualization_software" title="Comparison of application virtualization software">Comparison of application virtualization software</a> – various portable and scripting language virtual machines</li>

<li><a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a> – an emulation of a particular computer system, with different degrees of implemented functionality</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSean_Buckley2013" class="citation web cs1">Sean Buckley (November 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2013/11/06/new-android-runtime-could-improve-battery-life/">"'ART' experiment in Android KitKat improves battery life and speeds up apps"</a>. <a href="Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127122851/https://www.engadget.com/2013/11/06/new-android-runtime-could-improve-battery-life/">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_P.2013" class="citation web cs1">Daniel P. (November 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phonearena.com/news/Experimental-Google-ART-runtime-in-Android-KitKat-can-bring-twice-faster-app-executions_id49139">"Experimental Google ART runtime in Android KitKat can bring twice faster app executions"</a>. <i>phonearena.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140707072521/http://www.phonearena.com/news/Experimental-Google-ART-runtime-in-Android-KitKat-can-bring-twice-faster-app-executions_id49139">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/about/versions/nougat/android-7.0">"Android 7.0 for Developers"</a>. <i>Android Developers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAmadeo2016" class="citation web cs1">Amadeo, Ron (August 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/08/android-7-0-nougat-review-do-more-on-your-gigantic-smartphone/9/#h2">"Android 7.0 Nougat review—Do more on your gigantic smartphone"</a>. <i><a href="Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/dalvik/jit-compiler.html">"Implementing ART Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiler"</a>. <i>source.android.com</i>. January 22, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230808034821/https://source.android.com/docs/core/runtime/jit-compiler">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAmadeo2018" class="citation web cs1">Amadeo, Ron (September 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/09/android-9-pie-thoroughly-reviewed/">"Android 9 Pie, thoroughly reviewed"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130193516/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/09/android-9-pie-thoroughly-reviewed/">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/releases/profileinstaller">"ProfileInstaller | Jetpack"</a>. <i>Android Developers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230808034943/https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/releases/profileinstaller">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSemenovaRavikumarCraik2022" class="citation web cs1">Semenova, Kateryna; Ravikumar, Rahul; Craik, Chris (January 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2022/01/improving-app-performance-with-baseline.html">"Improving App Performance with Baseline Profiles"</a>. <i>Android Developers Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230808035038/https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2022/01/improving-app-performance-with-baseline.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGidraBoehmFernandes2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gidra, Lokesh; Boehm, Hans-J.; Fernandes, Joel (October 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcommons.org/dpubs_series/3671">"Utilizing the Linux Userfaultfd System Call in a Compaction Phase of a Garbage Collection Process"</a>. <i>Defensive Publications Series</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816141919/https://www.tdcommons.org/dpubs_series/3671/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2022/08/android-13-is-in-aosp.html">"Android 13 is in AOSP!"</a>. <i>Android Developers Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815213000/https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2022/08/android-13-is-in-aosp.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Android_Runtime" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://source.android.com/docs/core/runtime">Official website</a></span></span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USgXkI-NRPo"><span class="">Android Basics 101: Understanding ART, the Android Runtime</span></a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, <a href="XDA_Developers" class="mw-redirect" title="XDA Developers">XDA Developers</a>, February 12, 2014</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBlTzQsUoOw"><span class="">ART: Android's Runtime Evolved</span></a> on YouTube, <a href="Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a> 2014, by Anwar Ghuloum, Brian Carlstrom and Ian Rogers</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ls0tM-c4Vfo"><span class="">A JIT Compiler for Android's Dalvik VM</span></a> on YouTube, Google I/O 2010, by Ben Cheng and Bill Buzbee</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001208/https://intel.lanyonevents.com/sz15/connect/fileDownload/session/4BBA45B063EB52C028E40C64F4270EC3/SZ15_STTS004_100_ENGf.pdf">Delivering Highly Optimized Android Runtime (ART) and Web Runtime on Intel Architecture</a>, <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, August 4, 2015, by Haitao Feng and Jonathan Ding</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/preview/api-overview.html#jit_aot">Android 7.1 for Developers: Profile-guided JIT/AOT compilation</a>, Android Developers, describes ART changes in <a href="Android_Nougat" title="Android Nougat">Android 7.1</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Android966" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Android_Go" title="Android Go">Android Go</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_Android_Go_products" title="Comparison of Android Go products">Comparison of products</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Software<br>development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Development tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Android_SDK" title="Android SDK">Software development kit</a> (SDK)

<ul><li><a href="Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge">Android Debug Bridge</a> (ADB)</li>

<li><a href="Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_App_Bundle" title="Android App Bundle">Android App Bundle</a></li>

<li><a href="Apk_(file_format)" title="Apk (file format)">Android application package</a> (APK)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a></li>

<li><a href="Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Cloud_Messaging" title="Google Cloud Messaging">Google Cloud Messaging</a> (GCM)</li>

<li><a href="Firebase_Cloud_Messaging" title="Firebase Cloud Messaging">Firebase Cloud Messaging</a> (FCM)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_Mobile_Services" title="Google Mobile Services">Google Mobile Services</a> (GMS)</li>

<li><a href="Jetpack_Compose" title="Jetpack Compose">Jetpack Compose</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_NDK" title="Android NDK">Native development kit</a> (NDK)</li>

<li><a href="Android_software_development#Android_Open_Accessory_Development_Kit" title="Android software development">Open accessory development kit</a> (OADK)</li>

<li><a href="RenderScript" title="RenderScript">RenderScript</a></li>

<li><a href="AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li>

<li><a href="Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Font" title="Font">Fonts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Droid_(typeface)" title="Droid (typeface)">Droid</a></li>

<li><a href="Roboto" title="Roboto">Roboto</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Developers" title="Google Developers">Google Developers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenBinder" title="OpenBinder">OpenBinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li>

<li><a href="Gradle" title="Gradle">Gradle</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development<br>environments</a> (IDE)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a>

<ul><li><a href="IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eclipse_(software)#Android_Development_Tools" title="Eclipse (software)">Android Development Tools</a> (ADT)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MIT_App_Inventor" title="MIT App Inventor">MIT App Inventor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Languages</a>, <a href="Database" title="Database">databases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a> and <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Daydream</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events, <a href="Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Developer_Challenge" title="Android Developer Challenge">Developer Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Developer_Lab" title="Android Developer Lab">Developer Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_(operating_system)#Development" title="Android (operating system)">Android Open Source Project</a> (AOSP)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Releases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_Cupcake" title="Android Cupcake">Cupcake (1.5)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Donut" title="Android Donut">Donut (1.6)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Eclair" title="Android Eclair">Eclair (2.0–2.1)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo (2.2)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Gingerbread" title="Android Gingerbread">Gingerbread (2.3)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Honeycomb" title="Android Honeycomb">Honeycomb (3.x)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich" title="Android Ice Cream Sandwich">Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Jelly_Bean" title="Android Jelly Bean">Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_KitKat" title="Android KitKat">KitKat (4.4)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Lollipop" title="Android Lollipop">Lollipop (5.x)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Marshmallow" title="Android Marshmallow">Marshmallow (6.x)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Nougat" title="Android Nougat">Nougat (7.x)</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_Automotive" title="Android Automotive">Android Automotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Things" title="Android Things">Android Things</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Android_TV_devices" title="List of Android TV devices">devices</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Pixel & Pixel XL</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_Tablet" title="Pixel Tablet">Tablet</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy Nexus</a></li>

<li>7

<li><a href="Nexus_Player" title="Nexus Player">Player</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices" title="List of Google Play edition devices">Play edition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Samsung_Galaxy_S4" title="Samsung Galaxy S4">Samsung Galaxy S4</a></li>

<li><a href="Sony_Xperia_Z_Ultra" title="Sony Xperia Z Ultra">Sony Xperia Z Ultra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_One" title="Android One">Android One</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Android_smartphones" title="List of Android smartphones">other smartphones</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom<br>distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AliOS" title="AliOS">AliOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remix_OS" title="Remix OS">Remix OS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baidu_Yi" title="Baidu Yi">Baidu Yi</a></li>

<li><a href="Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li>

<li><a href="CalyxOS" title="CalyxOS">CalyxOS</a></li>

<li><a href="ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Realme" title="Realme">realme UI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CopperheadOS" title="CopperheadOS">CopperheadOS</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Magic UI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li>

<li><a href="GrapheneOS" title="GrapheneOS">GrapheneOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiaomi_HyperOS" title="Xiaomi HyperOS">Xiaomi HyperOS</a>

<li><a href="LineageOS" title="LineageOS">LineageOS</a>

<li><a href="CrDroid" title="CrDroid">CrDroid</a></li>

<li><a href="CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a></li>

<li><a href="DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Iod%C3%A9OS" title="IodéOS">iodéOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Kali_NetHunter" title="Kali NetHunter">Kali NetHunter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="LiteOS" title="LiteOS">LiteOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroG" title="MicroG">MicroG</a></li>

<li><a href="Nokia_X_family#Nokia_X_software_platform" title="Nokia X family">Nokia X software platform</a></li>

<li><a href="OmniROM" title="OmniROM">OmniROM</a></li>

<li><a href="OPhone" title="OPhone">OPhone</a></li>

<li><a href="OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li>

<li><a href="PixelExperience" title="PixelExperience">PixelExperience</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li>

<li><a href="Replicant_(operating_system)" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_Remix_OS" title="Resurrection Remix OS">Resurrection Remix OS</a></li>

<li><a href="SlimRoms" title="SlimRoms">SlimRoms</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubuntu_Touch#Ubuntu_for_Android" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu for Android</a></li>

<li><a href="XobotOS" class="mw-redirect" title="XobotOS">XobotOS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Booting and<br>recovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Booting process</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_recovery_mode" title="Android recovery mode">Recovery mode</a>

<li><a href="ClockworkMod" title="ClockworkMod">ClockworkMod</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Google Play Services</a>

<ul><li><a href="SafetyNet" class="mw-redirect" title="SafetyNet">SafetyNet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">UIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asus_ZenFone" title="Asus ZenFone">Asus ZenFone</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherry_OS_(operating_system)" title="Cherry OS (operating system)">Cherry OS</a></li>

<li><a href="ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Funtouch_OS" title="Funtouch OS">Funtouch OS</a></li>

<li><a href="Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li>

<li><a href="HTC_Sense" title="HTC Sense">HTC Sense</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Optimus_UI" title="Optimus UI">Optimus UI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Motoblur" title="Motoblur">Motoblur</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Samsung_Experience" title="Samsung Experience">Experience</a></li>

<li><a href="TouchWiz" title="TouchWiz">TouchWiz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Origin_OS" title="Origin OS">Origin OS</a></li>

<li><a href="OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li>

<li>Xperia UI</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SuperSU" title="SuperSU">SuperSU</a></li>

<li><a href="Magisk_(software)" title="Magisk (software)">Magisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingo_Root" title="Kingo Root">Kingo Root</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernel_Assisted_Superuser" title="Kernel Assisted Superuser">Kernel Assisted Superuser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom distributions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_features_in_Android" title="List of features in Android">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Free and open-source applications</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Android_apps_by_Google" title="List of Android apps by Google">Google apps</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Android_launchers" title="List of Android launchers">Launchers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_Android_OS_articles" title="Index of Android OS articles">Index of articles</a></li>

<li><a href="Androidland" title="Androidland">Androidland</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a></li>

<li><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Java_and_Android_API" title="Comparison of Java and Android API">Java vs. Android API</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_lawn_statues" title="Android lawn statues">Lawn statues</a></li>

<li><a href="BlueStacks" title="BlueStacks">BlueStacks</a></li>

<li>Legal issues

<ul><li><i><a href="Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America%2C_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google v. Oracle</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_App_Runtime_for_Chrome" title="Google App Runtime for Chrome">Android Runtime for Chrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Android development</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Mobile telecommunications</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3ASoftware" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Software">Software portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3ATelecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Java_virtual_machines_(comparison)200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Java_virtual_machines_(comparison)200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machines</a> (<a href="Comparison_of_Java_virtual_machines" title="Comparison of Java virtual machines">comparison</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>, <a href="Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GraalVM" title="GraalVM">GraalVM</a></li>

<li><a href="HotSpot_(virtual_machine)" title="HotSpot (virtual machine)">HotSpot</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxine_Virtual_Machine" title="Maxine Virtual Machine">Maxine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="JamVM" title="JamVM">JamVM</a></li>

<li><a href="Jikes_RVM" title="Jikes RVM">Jikes RVM</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenJ9" title="OpenJ9">OpenJ9</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="JamaicaVM" title="JamaicaVM">JamaicaVM</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IcedTea" title="IcedTea">IcedTea</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a></li>

<li><a href="JRockit" title="JRockit">JRockit</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaffe" title="Kaffe">Kaffe</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Java_Virtual_Machine" title="Microsoft Java Virtual Machine">Microsoft JVM</a></li>

<li><a href="SableVM" title="SableVM">SableVM</a></li>

<li><a href="Squawk_virtual_machine" title="Squawk virtual machine">Squawk</a></li>

<li><a href="Jupiter_JVM" title="Jupiter JVM">Jupiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Excelsior_JET" title="Excelsior JET">Excelsior JET</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Android_Runtime&oldid=1304460931">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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